CHAPTER
I
INTRODUCTION
A.
Background
Some adverb
clauses can be reduced to phrases without changing the meaning. Ask yourself the following question concerning adverb phrases. Remember : A clouse contains
a subject and a verb, but a phrase does not contain both a subject and a verb.
B.
Problem indentification
1.
What
is the definitions of practice with reduce adverb clauses
2.
How
to make practice with reduce adverb clause
3.
What
are the functions of practice with reduce adverb clauses
C.
Goals
1.
To
know about definition of practice with reduce adverb clauses
2.
To
know to make practice with reduce adverb clauses
3.
To
know the functions of practice with reduce adverb clauses
CHAPTER
II
DISCUSSION
PRACTICE
WITH REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSES
Some adverb clauses can be reduced to phrases without changing the meaning. Ask yourself the following question concerning adverb phrases. Remember : A clouse contains
a subject and a verb, but a phrase does not contain both a subject and a verb.
General Rules
Rule 1 Omit
the Subject of the clause and the " BE " form of the verb :
While I was
watching TV , I fell asleep.
While
watching TV , I fell asleep.
Rule 2 If
there is no " BE " , omit the subject and change the verb to "
-ing " form :
After I signed
the report , I gave it to the director.
After signing
the report , I gave it to the director.
Rule 3 The reduction is possible only when the
subjects of the adverb clause and the main clause are the same.
(In very formal English, is is sometimes possible to use
the different subjects.)
Before he came, I had already finished my homework .
[The adverb clause in this sentence cannot be
reduced to a phrase.]
1.
An
adverb clause can be reduced to an adverb phrase only when the subject of
independent clause is the same as the subject of the adverb clause. Notice how
the following adverb clauses change to phrases.
Time sequences:
“after”, ”before”, “once”, “since”, until”, “when”, and “while”.
1.
Time
sequences After :
Example 1:
Clause After they sang two songs, they did a dance.
Phrase After singing two songs, they did a dance.
Example 2:
Clause After I Finished my homework, I went to the party
Phrase After finishing my homework, I went to
the party
2.
Time
sequences Before
Example 1:
Clause Before he answered the phone, he grabbed a pencil and notepad
Phrase Before answering the phone, he grabbed a pencil and notepad
Example 2:
Clause Before I came to the U.S.A,. I lived in
Australia
Phrase Before coming to the U.S.A., I lived in
Australia
3.
Time
sequences once
Example 1:
Clause once he had been challenged to play tennis. Tim wouldn’t stop
practicing.
Phrase once challenged to play tennis. Tim wouldn’t stop practicing.
4.
Time
sequences Since
Example 1:
Clause since she finished studying at the university, ellen has gone on to
become a successful designer.
Phrase since studying at the university, ellen has gone on to become a
successful designer
5.
Time
sequences Until
Example 1:
Clause we worked on the project until we finished it.
Phrase we worked on the project until finishing it.
6.
Time
sequences When
Example 1:
Clause when he is working on a car, jan always
works overtime.
Pharse when working on a car, jan always works
overtime.
7.
Time
sequences While
Clause while George was in London, he wrote
daily.
Phrase while in London, George wrote daily.
2.
Reason : “Because.” When a clause introduced
by “because” is reduced. “because” is omitted and the verb changes form.
1.
The
sentences answering “why” questions:
Example 1:
Clause Since she felt sick, she went to bed
early
Phrase Feling sick, she went to bed early
Example 2:
Clause because she had always been interested in
sports. Linda became an avid supporter of the team.
Phrase having always been interested in sports.
Linda became an avid supporter of the tea.
2.
Negative:
Example 1:
Clause I didn’t know his address, so I couldn’t
contact him
Phrase not knowing his address, I couldn’t contact
him
Example 2:
Clause I had not understand what he said, so I
asked him to repeat the directions
Phrase Not having understood what he said, I asked
him to repeat the directions.
3.
Clauses
of concession: “although”, “despite”,
“in spite of”, “though”, and “while”.
1.
Clauses
of concession although
Example 1:
Clause although he was hurt. Jack
managed to smile.
Phrase although hurt. Jack managed to
smile.
2.
Clauses
of concession despite
Example 1:
Clause despite the fact that she was ill. Lisa went on stage.
Phrase despite being ill. Lisa went on stage.
3.
Clauses
of concession in spite of
Example 1:
Clause in spite of the fact that she works long
hours. Joan spends a lot of time with
her family.
Phrase in spite of working long hours. Joan
spends a lot of time with her family.
4.
Clauses
of concession thought
Example
1:
Clause though I am capable of making cakes, I
prefer to bake cookies.
Phrase though capable of making cakes, I prefer
to bake cookies.
5.
Clauses
of concession while
Example
1:
Clause while I am fond of jeff. I do not want to
marry him.
Phrase while fond of jeff. I do not want to
marry him.
4.
Is
the verb form in the clause correct?
Active voice:
Present tanse When I work, I forget to eat.
When working, I
forget to eat.
Past tense while he was studying, he heard
the explosion.
While studying, he
heard the explosion.
Perfect tenses After he had finished the book, he put
it in the table.
After finishing
the book, he put it in the table.
Or
After having
finished the book, he put it on the table.
Passive voice:
Present tanse the building will be used as a
convention center when it is completed.
When completed,
the building will be used as a convention center.
Past tense when the boy was told to go to
bed, he began to cry.
When told to go to
bed, the boy began to cry.
Perfect tenses because the car has been built by hand,
it is in superb condition.
Having been built
by hand, the car is in superb condition.
5.
Is
the phrase correct?
When the
subject of the adverb clause and the subject of the independent clause are not
the same, the clause cannot be reduced.
Same subjects:
Clause since she graduated, she has become an
engineer.
Phrase since graduated, she has become an
engineer.
Different
subjects:
Clause after she graduated, her parents retired.
(= the daughter graduated, then her parents retired).
Phrase after graduating, her parents retired.
(= her parents graduated, then her parents retired).
(reducing
the adverb clause changes the meaning).
Some adverb
clauses, such as those beginning with “as” or “as soon as”, cannot be reduced.
Correct as he was walking, he kept stopping at to
look at the flowers.
Incorrect as walking, he kept stopping to look at the
flowers.
Use excercises
S78-S81 to develop yout skill with reduced adverb clauses.
Excercises S78
Identifying
phrases and clauses
Write “C” if
the sentence contains an adverb clause. Write “P” if the sentence contains an
adverb phrase.
Example after
finishing supper, max when to the club to play basketball.Bacouse the spare part are difficult to buy here. I recommend that
you don’t get that car.
Identifying phrases and clauses
Write “C” if the setence contains an adverb clause. Write “P” if
the setence contains an adverb phrase.
Examples: P
After finishing supper, Max went to the club to play basketball.
C Because the
spare parts are difficult to buy here, I recommend that you don’t get that car.
1.
___
These steps are repeated for successive colors until a multihued design is
complete.
2.
___
while staying at the Greyfield Inn, the tourist visited the ruins of Dungeness,
the most famous Carnegie mansion.
3.
___
before migrating whales head for Baja, California’s lagoons, they feed on krill
in the Artic waters.
4.
___
When photographing the set, the camera operators corrected the change in
positions.
5.
___
Cowboys train there horses to neck-rein because holding the reins in one hand
frees the other hand for roping.
6.
___
After harpooning the walruses, the hunters drag the carcasses to camp for
cutting.
7.
___
Before Disneyland’s opening in 1955, Anaheim was a pastoral community of citrus
groves.
8.
___
After having convinced himself that the Hudson was only a river and not the
Northwest Passage, Henry Hudson sailed back south.
CHAPTER
III
CLOSING
CLOSING
A.
Conclusion
Adverbial
Clauses are phrases that function as an adverb in a sentence. Adverbial Clauses
can be used to show time (temporal clauses) or cause (causal clauses). You can
reduce adverb clause to present participial phrases (ing phrases) and past
participial phrases.
Adverb clauses can
be reduced to phrases without changing
the meaning.
There are three main rules of it:
Rule
1 Omit the Subject of the clause and the " BE " form of the verb.
Rule
2 If there is no " BE " , omit the subject and change the verb to
" -ing ".
Rule 3 The reduction is possible only when the subjects of the
adverb clause and the main clause are the same.
B.
Suggestion
We must also
beware that it isn’t always possible to reduce adverb clause to present
participial phrases and past participial phrases. When
you are not sure if you can reduce the clause or not, then don't.
BIBLIOGRAPIES
Haskell, John. 1993. Cambridege Preparation for the Toefl Test. Amerika:
Cambridge University Press.
Schramphfer,
Azar Betty. 1989. Understanding and Using
English Grammer.Amerika: Sylvia more.
Grammar/reducing_adverbal_clauses
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pada tanggal 19 Oktober Pukul 12.27 WIB.
