PRACTICE WITH REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSES (Structure or Grammar)

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A.    Background

Some adverb clauses can be reduced to phrases without changing  the meaning. Ask yourself the following  question concerning  adverb phrases. Remember : A clouse contains a subject and a verb, but a phrase does not contain both a subject and a verb.

B.     Problem indentification

1.      What is the definitions of practice with reduce adverb clauses

2.      How to make practice with reduce adverb clause

3.      What are the functions of practice with reduce adverb clauses

C.    Goals

1.      To know about definition of practice with reduce adverb clauses

2.      To know to make practice with reduce adverb clauses

3.      To know the functions of practice with reduce adverb clauses

CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

PRACTICE WITH REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSES

Some adverb clauses can be reduced to phrases without changing  the meaning. Ask yourself the following  question concerning  adverb phrases. Remember : A clouse contains a subject and a verb, but a phrase does not contain both a subject and a verb.

General Rules

Rule 1              Omit the Subject of the clause and the " BE " form of the verb :

While I was watching TV , I fell asleep.

While watching TV , I fell asleep. 

Rule 2              If there is no " BE " , omit the subject and change the verb to " -ing " form :

After I signed the report , I gave it to the director.

After signing the report , I gave it to the director.

Rule 3              The reduction is possible only when the subjects of the adverb clause and the main clause are the same.

(In very formal English, is is sometimes possible to use the different subjects.)

Before he came, I had already finished my homework .

[The adverb clause in this sentence cannot be reduced to a phrase.]

1.      An adverb clause can be reduced to an adverb phrase only when the subject of independent clause is the same as the subject of the adverb clause. Notice how the following adverb clauses change to phrases.

Time sequences: “after”, ”before”, “once”, “since”, until”, “when”, and “while”.

1.      Time sequences After :

Example 1:

Clause      After they sang two songs, they did a dance.

Phrase      After singing two songs, they did a dance.

Example 2:

Clause      After  I Finished my homework, I went to the party

Phrase       After finishing my homework, I went to the party

2.      Time sequences Before

Example 1:

Clause      Before he answered the phone, he grabbed a pencil and notepad

Phrase      Before answering the phone, he grabbed a pencil and notepad

Example 2:

Clause      Before I came to the U.S.A,. I lived in Australia

Phrase       Before coming to the U.S.A., I lived in Australia

3.      Time sequences once

Example 1:

Clause      once he had been challenged to play tennis. Tim wouldn’t stop practicing.

Phrase      once challenged to play tennis. Tim wouldn’t stop practicing.

4.      Time sequences Since

Example 1:

Clause       since she finished studying at the university, ellen has gone on to become a successful designer.

Phrase       since studying at the university, ellen has gone on to become a successful designer

5.      Time sequences Until

Example 1:

Clause     we worked on the project until we finished it.

Phrase    we worked on the project until finishing it.

6.      Time sequences When

Example 1:

Clause       when he is working on a car, jan always works overtime.

Pharse       when working on a car, jan always works overtime.

7.      Time sequences While

Clause       while George was in London, he wrote daily.

Phrase        while in London, George wrote daily.

2.       Reason : “Because.” When a clause introduced by “because” is reduced. “because” is omitted and the verb changes form.

1.      The sentences answering “why” questions:

Example 1:

Clause       Since she felt sick, she went to bed early

Phrase        Feling sick, she went to bed early

Example 2:

Clause       because she had always been interested in sports. Linda became an avid supporter of the team.

Phrase       having always been interested in sports. Linda became an avid supporter of the tea.

2.      Negative:

Example 1:

Clause    I didn’t know his address, so I couldn’t contact him

Phrase    not knowing his address, I couldn’t contact him

Example 2:

Clause    I had not understand what he said, so I asked him to repeat the directions

Phrase    Not having understood what he said, I asked him to repeat the directions.

3.      Clauses of concession: “although”,  “despite”, “in spite of”, “though”, and “while”.

1.      Clauses of concession although

 Example 1:

Clause                  although he was hurt. Jack managed to smile.

Phrase                  although hurt. Jack managed to smile.

2.      Clauses of concession despite

Example 1:

Clause                  despite the fact that she was ill. Lisa went on stage.

Phrase                  despite being ill. Lisa went on stage.

3.      Clauses of concession in spite of

Example 1:

    

Clause      in spite of the fact that she works long hours.  Joan spends a lot of time with her family.

Phrase      in spite of working long hours. Joan spends a lot of time with her family.

4.      Clauses of concession thought

Example 1:

Clause      though I am capable of making cakes, I prefer to bake cookies.

Phrase      though capable of making cakes, I prefer to bake cookies.

5.      Clauses of concession while

Example 1:

Clause      while I am fond of jeff. I do not want to marry him.

Phrase       while fond of jeff. I do not want to marry him.

4.      Is the verb form in the clause correct?

Active voice:

Present tanse         When I work, I forget to eat.

                              When working, I forget to eat.

Past tense              while he was studying, he heard the explosion.

                              While studying, he heard the explosion.

Perfect tenses        After he had finished the book, he put it in the table.

                              After finishing the book, he put it in the table.

                              Or

                              After having finished the book, he put it on the table.

Passive voice:

Present tanse         the building will be used as a convention center when it is completed.

                              When completed, the building will be used as a convention center.

Past tense              when the boy was told to go to bed, he began to cry.

                              When told to go to bed, the boy began to cry.

Perfect tenses        because the car has been built by hand, it is in superb condition.

                              Having been built by hand, the car is in superb condition.

5.      Is the phrase correct?

When the subject of the adverb clause and the subject of the independent clause are not the same, the clause cannot be reduced.

Same subjects:

Clause       since she graduated, she has become an engineer.

Phrase        since graduated, she has become an engineer.

Different subjects:

Clause       after she graduated, her parents retired. (= the daughter graduated, then her parents retired).

Phrase        after graduating, her parents retired. (= her parents graduated, then her parents retired).

(reducing the adverb clause changes the meaning).

Some adverb clauses, such as those beginning with “as” or “as soon as”, cannot be reduced.

Correct      as he was walking, he kept stopping at to look at the flowers.

Incorrect    as walking, he kept stopping to look at the flowers.

Use excercises S78-S81 to develop yout skill with reduced adverb clauses.

Excercises S78

Identifying phrases and clauses

Write “C” if the sentence contains an adverb clause. Write “P” if the sentence contains an adverb phrase.

Example                after finishing supper, max when to the club to play basketball.

Bacouse the spare part are difficult to buy here. I recommend that you don’t get that car.     

Identifying phrases and clauses

Write “C” if the setence contains an adverb clause. Write “P” if the setence contains an adverb phrase.

Examples:             P After finishing supper, Max went to the club to play basketball.

C Because the spare parts are difficult to buy here, I recommend that you don’t get that car.

1.      ___ These steps are repeated for successive colors until a multihued design is complete.

2.  ___ while staying at the Greyfield Inn, the tourist visited the ruins of Dungeness, the most famous Carnegie mansion.

3.  ___ before migrating whales head for Baja, California’s lagoons, they feed on krill in the Artic waters.

4.  ___ When photographing the set, the camera operators corrected the change in positions.

5.  ___ Cowboys train there horses to neck-rein because holding the reins in one hand frees the other hand for roping.

6.  ___ After harpooning the walruses, the hunters drag the carcasses to camp for cutting.

7.  ___ Before Disneyland’s opening in 1955, Anaheim was a pastoral community of citrus groves.

8.  ___ After having convinced himself that the Hudson was only a river and not the Northwest Passage, Henry Hudson sailed back south.

                       

                                                

CHAPTER III
CLOSING

A.    Conclusion

Adverbial Clauses are phrases that function as an adverb in a sentence. Adverbial Clauses can be used to show time (temporal clauses) or cause (causal clauses). You can reduce adverb clause to present participial phrases (ing phrases) and past participial phrases.

Adverb clauses can be reduced to phrases without changing  the meaning.

There are three main rules of it:

Rule 1 Omit the Subject of the clause and the " BE " form of the verb.

Rule 2 If there is no " BE " , omit the subject and change the verb to " -ing ".

Rule 3 The reduction is possible only when the subjects of the adverb clause and the main clause are the same.

B.     Suggestion

We must also beware that it isn’t always possible to reduce adverb clause to present participial phrases and past participial phrases. When you are not sure if you can reduce the clause or not, then don't.

BIBLIOGRAPIES

Haskell, John. 1993. Cambridege Preparation for the Toefl Test. Amerika: Cambridge University Press.

Schramphfer, Azar Betty. 1989. Understanding and Using English Grammer.Amerika: Sylvia more.

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